Electric vs Hydraulic Steering: Which Do You Need?

With all the innovations and updates in today's vehicles, it can be difficult to stay current with what's available. One example is choosing between hydraulic and electric power steering. 

The choice between electric and hydraulic steering represents a critical decision in the automotive industry, with profound implications for driving experience, efficiency, and overall vehicle performance. Electric steering systems have gained prominence for their energy efficiency, precise control, and adaptability, contributing to advancements in vehicle technology. On the other hand, hydraulic steering, a traditional but reliable system, relies on fluid pressure for operation and is known for its robustness. 

As the automotive landscape continues to evolve, understanding the nuances between electric and hydraulic steering becomes essential for both manufacturers and consumers, shaping the driving dynamics and sustainability of modern vehicles.

Our expert guide will look at both and compare the key differences to help you make an informed decision.

What Is Hydraulic Power Steering?

For many decades, hydraulic power steering was the standard, and the system used a pump cylinder and valves that controlled the flow of hydraulic fluid. All of this was driven by a belt run from the engine, which helped to direct the motor speed. Control valves are in place to return pressurized fluid to the reservoir to maintain a consistent balance and correct responsiveness.

The system has been fine-tuned through the years, allowing for greater connection to the road via the steering wheel, which gives the driver better handling. Its biggest disadvantage is needing to replace the power steering fluid, and it's not uncommon for fluid leaks to happen. 

Most systems need maintenance every 50,000 miles, and it's a more complicated design than electric systems, so more parts can wear down or break down.

What Is Electric Power Steering?

Electric power steering (EPS) has been around since 1876 and doesn't rely on a hydraulic fluid pump but instead uses an electric motor. The sensors work with the electronic control unit, which changes the steering settings based on factors like the vehicle's speed.

Electric power steering is an easier option to maintain because no power steering fluid is required. It offers a simpler design and can be integrated with ADAS systems, providing support for functions like lane-keeping assistance when driving conditions or if there's a bad wheel alignment.

The biggest concern with electric power steering is that it can be more expensive due to the electronic functions, and the design may provide less road feedback, decreasing the steering feel.

So, Which Is Better: Electric or Hydraulic Steering?

It's clear that electric vs. hydraulic systems are very different, and while hydraulic power steering has been around for decades, electric power steering is a newer technology. 

With hydraulics, you're dealing with a more complex system, making them a heavier option than electrical, and there aren't as many cars today that have hydraulic systems in them.

While electrical still has some fine-tuning to get a stronger road feel, it's less expensive and has fewer parts. New systems are coming to the market all the time, with one of the biggest concerns moving away from relying on power steering fluid.

As an off-highway vehicle product manufacturer serving companies across the U.S. and Canada, BSM provides quality products for a variety of industries. Let’s take a look at comparing electric and hydraulic steering systems for different types of vehicles.

Agriculture

In modern farming, precision equals profit. The best steering type for agriculture is Electric Steering, because it integrates with GPS-guided Autosteer systems. While hydraulic steering requires complex electro-hydraulic valves to follow a GPS line, EPS does it with software. The key advantage of EPS is the elimination of parasitic power loss from the engine, saving significant fuel during 12-hour planting days. 

Construction

In the construction industry, the winner is Hydraulic Steering (HPS) with a shift towards a hybrid model. Construction is a high-shock environment, which makes HPS a better choice. It acts as a natural damper against the violent forces of hitting a rock or digging into hard clay. The key advantage is the raw power density. To achieve the same steering torque as a hydraulic ram using an electric motor, the motor would be too large and heavy for most compact loaders. 

Ground Support 

The winning option for steering in ground support is EPS. Airports have a strict zero-leak policy to prevent tarmac damage and slip hazards. EPS removes the risk of high-pressure fluid spills entirely. One advantage is the maintenance aspect. Baggage rugs and belt loaders spend a lot of time idling, and EPS only draws power when the wheels are actually turning, extending the battery life of electric GSE. 

Material Handling

For material handling, the best option for steering is EPS. Inside a warehouse, precision and quiet operation are mandatory. EPS allows for 360-degree steering and prevents hydraulic oil from contaminating sensitive cargo or causing slip hazards. EPS can be integrated with Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) for semi-autonomous pathing. 

Mining

Like construction, mining requires more power and can benefit from HPS. EPS is virtually impossible for ultra-class haul trucks, as the current draw required to turn tires the sized of a house would melt standard wiring. Hydraulic steering is more reliable in extreme heat and dust, and is easier to cool and seal against the abrasive grit found in deep-pit mining. 

Military/Defense

The winner for military or defense vehicles is EPS. Modern tactical vehicles require quiet operation and being able to operate without the engine running. EPS allows a vehicle to be steered while running on silent battery power, which is impossible with a HPS engine. 

Utility Vehicles 

Utility vehicles benefit from EPS. The consumer and work-utility market has flipped almost entirely to EPS already. It allows for speed-sensitive steering, which provides massive assistance at low speeds and firming up at high speeds for safety. EPS is a less complex system, which helps save weight on the vehicle and reduces the number of failure points for the end user. 

Get Custom Steering Solutions With BSM North America

The steering system in your vehicle makes all the difference in your experience behind the wheel, and you need the system to have exceptional performance. Custom steering can make all the difference, and when you need an expert in the field, BSM North America delivers. 

For over 30 years, we have specialized in steering wheel columns and in industrial and commercial sectors for the highest quality machining and parts manufacturing available.

Our team is happy to answer all your questions. If you would like to schedule an appointment, feel free to message us online or give us a call at 952-890-8146 today.